Mirror Universe Basketball

In the wake of the Cavs' back-to-back victories over the Hawks, I'm compelled to point out the most interesting thing about the matchup between these two teams. Namely, that it reminds me of one of the classic episodes of the original Star Trek, Mirror, Mirror. One of the more striking aspects of that episode was the visual distinction between Spock and the mirror universe ("evil") Spock: the goatee:




What does this have to do with the Cavs-Hawks? Only that this is a mirror universe matchup. Mike Brown is forced to coach against evil mirror universe Mike Brown (Mike Woodson):





Chilling. Get out of my universe, Hawks.

Mo

From the game I couldn't watch tonight:



And a bonus image from the game:



Gotta love Mo.

There Will Be No Lasting Peace

Obama makes a somewhat obvious point about human nature:

But as a head of state sworn to protect and defend my nation, I cannot be guided by their examples alone. I face the world as it is, and cannot stand idle in the face of threats to the American people. For make no mistake: evil does exist in the world. A non-violent movement could not have halted Hitler's armies. Negotiations cannot convince al Qaeda's leaders to lay down their arms. To say that force is sometimes necessary is not a call to cynicism - it is a recognition of history; the imperfections of man and the limits of reason.

A bit strange to point it out during a Nobel peace prize lecture but okay.

Thanks, ARRA

There's a lot of partisan sniping back and forth these days about how many jobs the stimulus bill has created.

It occurs to me that most of the grants funding my position are most likely derived from money allocated through the stimulus bill earlier this year. So that's one. Thanks, stimulus package!

WAR!

One bit from the Afghanistan speech tonight made me do a bit of a double take:

In Afghanistan, we and our allies prevented the Taliban from stopping a presidential election, and – although it was marred by fraud – that election produced a government that is consistent with Afghanistan’s laws and Constitution.

Okay then.

In case you were worried...

World not ending in 2012, says NASA

I think people are really, really worried about the world coming to an end. Kids are contemplating suicide. Adults tell me they can't sleep and can't stop crying. There are people who are really, really scared. People are very gullible. It a sad testimonial that you need NASA to tell you the world's not going to end.

As a Bonus!!:


http://xkcd.com/663/

Health Care on 4th and 2

Here's a wonderful little post about what Bill Belichick's controversial decision in the Patriots-Colts game the other night shows us about rationality and human emotions, particularly as they relate to the health care issue:

The reason I bring up this analysis is to demonstrate that even defensible decisions can have wrenching emotional consequences. Belichick's call might have been statistically correct, but it felt horribly wrong.

And this kind of contradiction isn't just relevant for football coaches. Just consider health care: the only way we're ever going to reduce medical costs is to restrict procedures that haven't passed evidence-based efficacy tests. Maybe that means 40 year old women don't get mammograms, or that we treat prostrate cancer less aggressively, or that we stop performing spinal fusion surgeries. Although there's solid evidence to question all of these medical options, such changes provoke intense debate. Why? Because our emotions don't understand statistics. Because when we have back pain we want an MRI. Because when it's our father with prostate cancer we want the most aggressive possible treatments. And so on.

The point is that there's often an indefatigable gap between the rigors of cost-benefit analyses and the emotional hunches that drive our decisions. We say we want to follow the evidence, but then the evidence rubs against a bias like loss aversion, and so we make an exception. We'll follow the evidence next time.

Could you tell me where the nuclear wessels are?

Months and months ago the House passed a historic climate change bill (derided by many people in the know as weak sauce) called Waxman-Markey. Not too long ago, John Kerry and Barbara Boxer came out with their own Senate counterpart to that bill. But not everyone's on board with the sort of cap-and-trade scheme that shows up in these bills. So this week two Senators from different parties combined forces to unveil an alternative. The most interesting bit is the special focus they have on one particular source of energy, mentioned right in the press release on sponsor Jim Webb's website: "Alexander, Webb Introduce Bipartisan Clean Energy Legislation with Emphasis on Nuclear Energy Investment". From the PR:

This initiative is also designed to keep the United States competitive in a global marketplace that has accelerated the development of nuclear power. While the U.S. has been at a stand-still in developing nuclear power in the last 30 years, others are forging ahead. France – with the lowest electric rates in Europe - now gets 80% of its electricity from nuclear power, while Japan’s nuclear fleet accounts for 35% of its electricity. And this week the United Kingdom announced plans to expand its reactor fleet.

I say that this emphasis on nuclear energy is interesting because the arXiv blog has a very interesting find today in a post called "The Coming Nuclear Crisis." This has nothing to do with any sort of safety issues or the disposal of waste or anything like that. The crisis is far more basic and far larger than those issues.

Nuclear power relies on fission. Certain large atoms (e.g. a particular isotope of uranium) are split into smaller atoms, releasing energy in the process. But if you don't have the right ingredients you can't do it. According to the arXiv blog:

The world is about to enter a period of unprecedented investment in nuclear power. The combined threats of climate change, energy security and fears over the high prices and dwindling reserves of oil are forcing governments towards the nuclear option. The perception is that nuclear power is a carbon-free technology, that it breaks our reliance on oil and that it gives governments control over their own energy supply.

That looks dangerously overoptimistic, says Michael Dittmar, from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who publishes the final chapter of an impressive four-part analysis of the global nuclear industry on the arXiv today.

Perhaps the most worrying problem is the misconception that uranium is plentiful. The world's nuclear plants today eat through some 65,000 tons of uranium each year. Of this, the mining industry supplies about 40,000 tons. The rest comes from secondary sources such as civilian and military stockpiles, reprocessed fuel and re-enriched uranium. "But without access to the military stocks, the civilian western uranium stocks will be exhausted by 2013, concludes Dittmar.

It's not clear how the shortfall can be made up since nobody seems to know where the mining industry can look for more.

That means countries that rely on uranium imports such as Japan and many western countries will face uranium shortages, possibly as soon as 2013. Far from being the secure source of energy that many governments are basing their future energy needs on, nuclear power looks decidedly rickety.

There's a nice little bit of sunny speculation at the end of the article about the possibility of military stockpiles being used for energy production, leading to a nuclear weapon-free world. Regardless of whether that comes to pass, this apparent impending fuel shortage might be something to keep an eye on.

Bonus link

Somebody's Baking Brownies

Well, that sucked. A whole lot of nothing with a few seconds of something (horrible) in the middle leading to a 16-0 loss on national television. And maybe Cribbs got hurt in the last few seconds.

But I stand by what I wrote about Cleveland's sports teams many moons ago. In many ways, their story is the story of the city itself. Makes it all the more frustrating.

Switching sports for a moment, I also find Delonte West's battle with his mental demons very sad. I hope his better angels win.

People Enjoy Watching the World Collapse

Maybe it's something about the trials the world is currently facing that sends movie-goers flocking to disaster porn. Or maybe a taste for the macabre is just innate in the human psyche.

“2012,” Roland Emmerich’s thriller about a global cataclysm, opened at No. 1 with a higher-than-expected $65 million in ticket sales in the United States and Canada, according to the tracking service Hollywood.com. Sony, which released the movie, estimated that it raked in an additional $160 million overseas, making the first weekend for “2012” one of the biggest of the year.

It is rare for a movie not based on a pre-existing brand, franchise or hit novel to deliver such robust results. Sony said “2012,” with a budget of $200 million, had the highest worldwide opening ever for an original movie.

I kind of want to see it.

Student Loan Sharks

Two months ago the House of Representatives passed H.R. 3221, an important student loan bill that, among many other things, would convert all future federal student loans to Direct Loans. In Direct Loans, the government is the lender and borrowers pay them back directly. The alternative--the thing this bill eliminates--entails the government subsidizing banks to make loans to college students and guaranteeing the vast bulk of the student loan. Technically this is called the Federal Family Education Loan Program. So, in my case, the government paid my lender, Bank of America, to give me a virtually risk-less loan (since the government will back it up should I default on it).

As you can imagine, switching to an entirely Direct Loan based system of federal student loans is more efficient and saves money (up to $87 billion over the next decade). It also saves borrowers like me the pain in the ass I went through today of trying to figure out who's currently holding my Stafford loans. It turns out Bank of America sold my loan--correction: part of my loan--to another lender and keeping up on that kind of paperwork isn't my forte.

So, shoutout to H.R. 3221, the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2009. May you survive the Senate.

(Flip-)Flop Goes the Weasel

I often wonder how exactly people make up their minds on political or social questions and whether their conclusions are really subject to change. Is there actually room for genuine debate in the political sphere or is the dog and pony show of scripted rejoinders cleverly designed to zoom right past the opponent in the room and into the ears of the base or other politically amendable listeners all we can hope for?

In general, I would say that political "debate" doesn't change minds because people often tend to be very discerning when it comes to facts. By that I mean they pick and choose which ones they incorporate into their world view. Inconvenient truths are ignored or perverted so that one need not change too much, if at all. At least not all at once.

Well, last May Gallup announced: More Americans “Pro-Life” Than “Pro-Choice” for First Time:



That's a 15-point swing in one year. Presumably the abortion question taps into fairly deep-core beliefs about human life, privacy, and individual, social, and governmental responsibility. Not the sort of thing you expect to see flip overnight. Perhaps I'm blanking out here but I can't think of some large event that could've impacted opinions so drastically. Was a mass abortion held on the steps of the Capitol and I missed it?

Assuming there isn't some methodological problem going on in Gallup's polling, that's damned peculiar.

Faith-Based Douchebaggery

A year ago I toyed with the idea of writing my B.A. on the differences (methods, outcomes, etc) between faith-based and secular provision of social services. Here's one difference:

The Catholic Archdiocese of Washington said Wednesday that it will be unable to continue the social service programs it runs for the District if the city doesn't change a proposed same-sex marriage law, a threat that could affect tens of thousands of people the church helps with adoption, homelessness and health care.

Under the bill, headed for a D.C. Council vote next month, religious organizations would not be required to perform or make space available for same-sex weddings. But they would have to obey city laws prohibiting discrimination against gay men and lesbians.

Fearful that they could be forced, among other things, to extend employee benefits to same-sex married couples, church officials said they would have no choice but to abandon their contracts with the city.

That's right: they're blackmailing the city to influence a political outcome. Force them to end discrimination against gays and they'll stop helping the needy. Your move, Godless Sodomites.

Unpersons

I've long held that the abortion question isn't about a rigid biological definition of life or a political question of individual choice vs government authority. Instead, the issue revolves around the social definition of a person. Everyone knows the two dominant frames for this issue:

Life: Abortion is the the termination of a human life and, as such, has the moral (and ought to have the legal) equivalence of murder. Life begins at conception and ought to be protected by law from that point forward.

Choice: Abortions are private procedures that involve what amounts to a temporary appendage of a woman's body. Government influence over a decision as personal as having an abortion is unwarranted.

I don't think it's particularly controversial to suggest that most pro-choicers don't condone murder and most pro-lifers aren't partial to a choiceless totalitarian state. As always, the question depends on where we draw the lines and how we view the world. Both sides will generally agree that it is--and ought to be--illegal to kill a person. But "person" is a social concept distinct from a human life.

To prove this, we need look no further than the famous Hyde amendment that prevents federal funds from being used to pay for abortions for Medicaid recipients. It includes an exception that all but the most rigid pro-lifers generally accept:

SEC. 508. (a) The limitation established in the preceding section shall not apply to an abortion-
(1) if the pregnancy is the result of an act of rape or incest; or
(2) in the case where a woman suffers from a physical disorder, physical injury, or physical illness, including a life-endangering physical condition caused by or arising from the pregnancy itself, that would, as certified by a physician, place the woman in danger of death unless an abortion is performed.

Fetuses conceived through circumstances that are not socially sanctioned (i.e. rapes or incestuous couplings) are not to be afforded the same protections that other fetuses enjoy. There's no basis for arguing that such fetuses are less alive than their more conventionally-conceived peers. The only reason to grant a woman an additional choice in those particularl instances is that the fetus lacks social legitimacy: one can question whether or not it constitutes a member of society (i.e. is a person). If it isn't a person then terminating its life isn't murder and the government has no authority to interfere with a person's privacy and forbid an abortion. And thus you get a an area, limited as it may be, where the conclusions of pro-lifers and pro-choicers converge.

The reason is that their positions aren't necessarily incompatible, their definitions are. The disagreement centers on the question of when and under what circumstances a biological proto-human enters society and falls under the umbrella of its protections. When does personhood begin? And that's a social question whose resolution can't be decided by any sort of scientific argument.

A significance far beyond our borders

I recently finished The Last Full Measure by Jeff Shaara, a historical fiction about the thoughts and decisions of commanders in the Civil War. While I found parts of this particular book in the trilogy a little preachy, it and the series as a whole are a pretty good read if you are interested in an author's well-researched portrayal of what was going on in the minds of some of the key generals during the war. The reason I am bringing up this novel is because of a particular conversation in it between General Grant and President Lincoln that caught my eye, in which Shaara notes a long-term ramification of the war that had never really occurred to me. Here's a portion of that conversation with some sentences abridged (for brevity and copyright reasons), although I highly recommend reading the conversation in it's entirety if any of you would like to borrow my copy of the book someday:

(Lincoln): The Constitution, this new idea, has been around for less than a century. (to Grant): I also have no doubt that you are aware that if we do not win this war - if we do not show the world that this system can work, that we can build a nation and manage our affairs from the power of an idea written on a piece of paper - then that idea will die out... History will record that the idea did not work, that our piece of paper did not carry the power of a monarchy... There is a significance to this [war] that goes beyond our borders, and far beyond our time...

I have known the short and long term ramifications of the American Civil War for a long time now, yet this particular long term consequence has never really dawned on me until now, at least not fully. The Civil War is important in American history for centralizing national power over the states, ending slavery, and modernizing the nation industrially and technologically. Yet it also plays a significant symbolic importance in world history, as well. If we place ourselves in 1863-64, the Constitution begins to look something like rock and roll in 1960 - an interesting idea for awhile, but starting to flicker out. Nobody outside of America thought during the first half of the 19th century that the U.S. would last, and the Civil War was beginning to look like that prediction finally coming to fruition.

Of course the Union finally won in 1865. But world history could have been quite different if American democracy and Constitutionalism had succumbed to a significant flaw in its early years, namely its weak national government that struggled to maintain cohesion between the various states. It is unlikely that as many nations, if any at all, would have used our system as a template for government, particularly if they also considered South America's failure to unify under a single constitution in the 1830s as well as the nightmare of the French Republic. England, while somewhat of a republic at the time, was still ultimately ruled by a monarch and could very well have convinced itself to keep that unifying figure after witnessing America's failure. The list goes on (the Iraq War and the effort to "spread democracy", if you want a recent event). If we consider the fact that new nations tend to shy away from previously failed systems, the idea seems very plausible to me (it may still be too recent to tell yet, but how many nations turned to communism when the Soviet Union and China began showing signs of significant problems during the 1970s and 80s?)

I don't mean this idea to get too exaggerated and tread into the area of "What If" history, and without the North losing the Civil War it is really impossible to say with any certainty what could have happened. However, what is fairly certain is that the preservation of the Union was a significant step in paving the way to where we are historically today, both in terms of the U.S.'s steady rise to playing a larger role in foreign affairs as well as its influence and success in implementing its goals internationally. The North alone may have still eventually joined in international politics, however it would have done so riding not on the strength of a proven system, but on an image of failure and weakness.

Travelin Man

I'm going to miss my C-Span fix this week--the very week that the House (and possibly the Senate, too) is going to pass a health care bill. On the other hand, I'll have a front row seat to the aftermath of another big political decision that will be made this week.

And I enjoy foliage.

Delonte Returns

He's been missed.

Not robust

I've mentioned before why a "robust" option (one that sets reimbursement rates to health care providers the same way Medicare does) saves money and is desirable in a health care reform bill. H.R. 3200 had a robust public option and the Congressional Budget Office estimated its premiums would be about 10% cheaper than those of its competitors.

The new (final) House bill, H.R. 3962, has a weak public option, meaning it negotiates rates (proponents call it the "level playing field" public option). What does the CBO say the effect of having negotiated reimbursement rates will be?

That estimate of enrollment reflects CBO’s assessment that a public plan paying negotiated rates would attract a broad network of providers but would typically have premiums that are somewhat higher than the average premiums for the private plans in the exchanges. The rates the public plan pays to providers would, on average, probably be comparable to the rates paid by private insurers participating in the exchanges.

So...too bad. This could've been better.

Out with the old, in with the new

For a while we've focused on H.R. 3200, the House health care reform bill that went through the three committees, yadda yadda yadda.

But now the final House superbill has emerged. Super indeed, as it picked up another 900+ pages from the original version (H.R. 3200). But this is the bill that the House is going to vote on, probably as early as next week: H.R.3962 - Affordable Health Care for America Act. I've updated the bill-tracker widget on the sidebar accordingly.

Oh, expletive deleted!

Apparently Governor Schwarzenegger was recently heckled by some Democratic members of the California General Assembly during a public event. He later sent a veto to a bill that reads:



Some observant soul noticed that if you read down the left margin it says "F-U-C-K Y-O-U." Says Schwarzenegger's office:

"My goodness. What a coincidence," said Schwarzenegger spokesman Aaron McLear. "I suppose when you do so many vetoes, something like this is bound to happen."

Coincidence or not, politics is pretty hilarious.

Best Part of Tonight's Game

I really don't like Rajon Rondo.

Who needs pitchers?

The World Series is starting tomorrow. And as you might have guessed when first you heard that the Phillies would face the Yankees:

In the latter scenario the series could feature three matchups between [Cliff] Lee and CC Sabathia, which would probably make Indians general manager Mark Shapiro's head explode.

And many other heads in the city, I would guess.

But in other news: Go Cavs! First game of the season coming up in a few minutes. And now an abridged word from the Presidents of the United States:

You Don't Say...

Two weeks ago (Anti-Trust Me) I mentioned that the Democrats are moving some legislation to remove the exemption from anti-trust laws enjoyed by the health insurance industry. I mentioned that this is primarily a bit of political theater; as a policy matter, it's more like a band-aid that wouldn't address the big issues facing our health care system:

This [the McCarran-Ferguson Act] is the law that essentially says the regulation of insurance companies is up to the individual states. McCarran-Ferguson also exempts insurance companies from federal anti-trust laws. This is the provision the Democrats are zeroing in on.

But it seems a little narrow to me. The root problem is that we want to have our socialist cake and eat it, too. This is evident in Schumer's declaration that what we really need to do is "bring true competition to the health insurance industry." And to some extent that's true; that is, after all, the rationale behind the public option. But it's a band-aid designed to keep a malfunctioning system on its feet a bit longer. No, the key to the whole thing revolves around a dirty little secret: the whole idea of health insurance is, at its core, socialist.

Still, the Democrats introduced H.R. 3596 ("The Health Insurance Industry Antitrust Enforcement Act of 2009"), described by the Congressional Budget Office in this way: "H.R. 3596 would prohibit such [health insurance] companies from price fixing, bid rigging, or allocating markets while providing coverage for health insurance or medical malpractice claims."

But as Donny Shaw over at OpenCongress reported today, the CBO looked at this proposal over the weekend and projected that it wouldn't make much of a splash:

H.R. 3596 could affect the costs of and premiums charged by private health insurance companies; whether premiums would increase or decrease as a result is difficult to determine, but in either case the magnitude of the effects is likely to be quite small.

To the extent that insurers would otherwise engage in the prohibited practices and be prevented from doing so by enactment of this bill, premiums might be lower. (That effect is likely to be small because state laws already bar the activities that would be prohibited under federal law if this bill was enacted.) To the extent that insurers would become subject to additional litigation, their costs and thus their premiums might increase. Based on information from the Justice Department, the Federal Trade Commission, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, consumer groups, and private attorneys, CBO estimates that both of those effects would be very small, and thus that enacting the legislation would have no significant effect on the premiums that private insurers would charge for health insurance.

The Elite

Posner, on how smart those financial wizards on Wall Street are:

Banks had traditionally been conservative organizations emphasizing risk avoidance, modest compensation, gradual promotion, and secure tenure. When in the deregulation era they were permitted to expand into riskier and (therefore) more lucrative forms of financial intermediation, they attracted a different kind of employee--smarter, more willing to take career as well as financial risks, more independent, and demanding higher pay. Because they were generating more profits for the bank, their influence grew and placed pressure on the traditional bankers to take more risks in order to hold their own in the struggle to control the organization. So one proposal for preventing a recurrence of the financial crisis, since the crisis was due in part to highly risky lending by banks, is to restore the separation codified in the Glass-Steagall Act of conventional banking from high-risk forms of financial intermediation.

Becker, on why actions should have no consequences:

I have not seen convincing evidence that either the level or structure of the pay of top financial executives were important causes of this worldwide financial crash. These executives bought large quantities of mortgage-backed securities and other securitized assets because they expected this to increase the average return on their assets without taking on much additional risk through the better risk management offered by derivatives, credit default swaps, and other newer types of securities. They turned out to be badly wrong, but so too were the many financial economists who had no sizable financial stake in these assets, but supported this approach to risk management.

There you have it. Those business school geniuses who pushed us to the brink of ruin through reckless behavior deserve every penny of their pay, despite having been colossally and disastrously bad at their jobs. After all, even financial economists couldn't see the possible harm of their actions. And if we do cut their pay we'll give them an incentive to move on to other companies, which will then give those companies a competitive advantage over the government-supported companies. Ha! That's a bit like suggesting we'd all better be extra nice to ex-President G. W. Bush because he might head off to give a competitive advantage to another country by lending them his superior governing skills.

So if you've lost your job in the ensuing economic meltdown that these goons helped to trigger and you think they ought to at least take a paycut while their companies help themselves to the public treasury, remember: they make more than you because they're smarter than you and they're better than you. Consequences are for the little people.

Missing Link?

I recently stumbled upon this while perusing through MSNBC the other day. This fossil, known as Ida, was discovered and highly heralded initially as the famed "missing link" that links us, humans, to the other apes. There was a huge media storm, a Discovery feature, a book deal, things that generally follow a find of such a perceived magnitude, as recently witness following the discovery of Ardi. Media blitzes like these are not rare, and people love to jump on the "missing link" bandwagon whenever something like this is found. That's all and good, I am glad that people are embracing the fossil record as something to be studied and be interested in. The problem that I have is with the fascination of this missing link. These missing links, also known as transitional fossils, don't really exist in great numbers. This has nothing to do with flaws in the theory of evolution, and the lack of their existence does not disprove anything, as some might have you believe. It's just that the problem with these media storms and the constant hammering of the misnomer "missing link" tend to insinuate that the only way we can prove the theory of evolution as accurate is to find these links between species that are so long sought after. Darwin himself commented on the lack of transitional forms in the record (a point creationist are always willing to bring up, but as the good scientist that Darwin was, he was not blind to his own inconsistencies):

"The number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed on the earth, (must) be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory."

The steady state of evolution was long popular, both before and after the inception if the field of genetics. This gradualism, as it became to be known, has its detractors, most notably the late Stephen Gould. Gould was a huge proponent of the newer, much more radical idea of punctuated equilibrium. It is this idea that has gained the most steam recently, and is starting to be backed up by genetics research. The evidence that is being found states that genetic mutation does not advance at a uniform speed. Conversely, species experience periods of stagnated evolution followed by a period of expedited mutation, leading to a greater rate of change of the species than would be normally observed. That being true, it would mean that a species tenure on this Earth would being fairly consistent. Throughout the fossil record we would see a species exist for a few million years and then see it exist no longer, which is exactly what we do see:

"The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. The history of most fossil species includes two features inconsistent with gradualism: 1. Stasis. Most species exhibit no directional change during their tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same as when they disappear… 2. Sudden Appearance. In any local area, a species does not arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once and 'fully formed'. The evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils."

It is these trees that Gould is referencing:



That beautiful sinuous pattern on the left, the one that so amazingly looks like a stream system, in fact, does not exist. We do not have evidence for a tree to look like such, instead we have the evidence for the tree on the right. This step-wise pattern of evolution is looking to be more and more accurate as the fossil record is probed.

And I suppose that brings me to my last point... the fossil record itself. If you want to keep something for posterity, fossilization is not the way to do it. It is horribly inconsistent, as one would expect of a process that more or less requires a body to stay intact long enough for all of the calcium in the bones to be replaced silicate minerals. Not an easy feat to say the least. Then the layer that the specimen is fossilized within needs to be preserved til the present, i.e. no erosion of the layer, thereby losing the layer altogether. Finally, the specimen needs to be at the surface and visible so someone can stumble upon it. Honestly, not the easiest thing in the world. I don't know the numbers, unfortunately, and I can't seem to find them, but the percentage of species that have ever lived that are actually fossilized in the record somewhere is horribly low.

Alright, it seems that I have deviated from my point somewhere along the line, whatever it was to begin with, I may never know. These transitional species truly are astonishing when they are found, we have the fossil evidence for the reptile to bird transition in archaeopteryx, from water dweller to amphibian in tiktaalik, and from land dweller to whale in ambulocetus, amongst many others. It is these creatures that we should be fascinated with. They are the ones that made the giant leaps in evolutionary history, and our planet would look much different if these species never advanced towards the land, or air, or back to the sea again. Humans, or something like them, have roamed this Earth for about 300,000 years, a drop in the bucket of the history of this planet.

I suppose what really has been grinding my gears lately is just our constant pursuit of what lead to us, why are we what we are, what came before. So much time is spent on finding our direct ancestor, the species just before. There are 550 million years of macrobiologic history on this planet, why are we so fascinated my the last half a million years when there is so much more out there to be explored?

Form Letters and Chat Responses

Ezra Klein over at The Washington Post answered one of my questions today in his weekly lunchtime chat:

Cleveland, Ohio: You've mentioned before that state-level public options would lack the bargaining power of a national public option. But why is this true? When dealing with hospitals or other providers, wouldn't only the number of potential customers (i.e. enrollees within the state) the public option could offer be relevant? Why would it matter that the public option also has millions of customers in other states who will likely never use the particular facility the public option is negotiating with?

Ezra Klein: There are a few reasons. The first is simple administration efficiencies, and national purchasing. Drug companies, for instance, aren't state-based in the way hospitals are, so that would change things. The other is that eventually, a big enough public option could do what Medicare does and set payment rates for services rather than negotiating with each provider individually. That could bring huge savings, but you have to be big enough to do it credibly. There are no examples I know of it happening on the state level.

It makes sense that a national public option would have more leverage when it comes to national purchasing--and drugs are a great example of something you buy from national organizations, pharmaceutical companies--but it still seems to me that most of what gets paid for in the health care industry (e.g. services offered by doctors and hospitals) is fundamentally state-based or regionally-based. So if weak versions of the public option that rely on negotiation to set reimbursement rates, instead of strong versions mentioned by Ezra that reimburse like Medicare, are implemented I'm still not sold on the idea that they can't work on the state-level, though I'm sure there are reasons it would be at least marginally better to have a national public option.

But, speaking of the difference between the weak and strong public options (which I've mentioned before), I recently sent a quick email to Sherrod Brown on this issue. Senator Brown reportedly played a big role in writing the public option section of the Senate HELP Committee health bill and he's been a huge proponent of including a public option in the final bill. He recently circulated a letter among Senators urging Harry Reid to include a public option in the final (merged) Senate health care bill; the letter picked up 30 signatures.

But the HELP Committee bill's public option is the weak version: it relies on negotiated reimbursement rates instead of pegging rates to those of Medicare, as the House's public option does. So I sent an email expressing my gratitude that he's been fighting so hard for a public option but I also asked why he's pushing for the weaker version instead of the robust version, particularly when the latter could reportedly save $85 billion more over the next decade than the former. Here's what his staff sent back:

Dear Mr. Stanek:

Thank you for sharing your concerns regarding health care.

Since first coming to Congress in 1993, I have refused to enroll in the coverage offered to members of Congress until every American has access to high-quality, affordable health insurance. Should a health care reform bill pass that offers a public insurance option, I would be pleased to enroll.

I strongly believe that our health care system is in need of reform. First and foremost, we must reduce the long-term growth of health care costs for patients, taxpayers, and businesses; protect families from bankruptcy or debt because of health expenditures; guarantee a choice of doctors and health plans; invest in prevention and wellness; improve patient safety and quality of care; assure affordable, quality health coverage for all Americans; and end barriers to coverage for people with pre-existing conditions.

One promising solution to the problems of cost, quality, and access that plague our health care system is to increase competition in the health insurance market. If the private insurance industry was truly competitive, then there would be strong incentives to provide coverage to as many Americans as possible and to build customer loyalty through cost savings and quality improvements. Unfortunately, insurers do not truly compete against one another; instead, they make use of the same basic strategies to earn significant profits. These tactics include selectively insuring the lowest risk enrollees, slow-walking claims payments so they can earn interest on every premium dollar, and denying as many claims as possible.

What the insurance industry needs is some healthy competition from a public insurance option. This option would not replace employer-sponsored coverage and no one would be forced into it; the public option would simply give uninsured or underinsured Americans the choice of enrolling in an insurance plan that does not engage in the same cost-avoidance tactics as private insurance plans do. The public health insurance option would also be a vehicle for improvements in quality, coverage, and provider-access that sets the bar higher for private insurance plans. This option would be available to all Americans: both private and government employees, including members of Congress and their staffs.

Since Congress began debating health reform, an overwhelming number of people in Ohio have contacted me. I appreciate this input and am carefully considering the thoughts, questions, and concerns that you and other Ohioans have shared with me.

In particular, some individuals and small businesses have cited proposals to tax employer-sponsored health benefits or tax the top 1% of income earners in order to help pay for health reform. Others have mentioned proposals that would help pay the insurance subsidies of low-income, uninsured Americans by collecting fees from medium and large employers that do not offer employer-sponsored insurance. Finally, many seniors and retirees have shared concerns about the continued availability of quality health care coverage for older Americans.

The House and Senate are still in the process of drafting this health care legislation and a final bill has not yet been released. The Health, Education, Labor, and Pension (HELP) Committee spent several weeks working to pass a health reform bill that includes 161 provisions promoted by Republican senators. That bill is available online at www.help.senate.gov. Individuals interested in the progress of the Finance Committee’s health reform bill can visit www.finance.senate.gov to review the plan, its proposed amendments, and budget estimates.

I support giving every member of Congress, and every member of the public, time to review the bill. I also strongly agree that health insurance reform must not ignore seniors and must benefit Ohio's small businesses and manufacturers. Please be assured that I am considering all the options carefully. As Congress moves forward on health insurance reform, I will certainly work to address the issues contained in your letter.

If you wish to learn more about my work on health reform as well as the most Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) that Ohioans have posed to my office, please visit my website at:

http://brown.senate.gov/issues_and_agenda/stories/share/?issue_id=f565635b-e37a-45d3-b15f-edf6b930bd1a.

Thank you again for getting in touch with me on this important matter.

Sincerely,

Sherrod Brown
United States Senator

All good stuff, just not an answer to my question. But he's still my favorite Senator.

I'm Just Five Bills

The legislative process can be tricky. Particularly with hugely important (and just all around huge) pieces of legislation. I want to look a little closer at what's going on with the issue du jour, health care reform. I'm not convinced the media has been particularly clear on explaining what's happening or why so many ideas--some of which are mutually contradictory--are floating around. Is health care reform going to be paid for with a small surcharge on high income individuals or is it paid for through an excise tax on the most expensive health insurance plans? Does it require employers to provide health insurance to employees or not? Is there a public option or not? All of these possibilities exist right now because multiple health care reform bills exist now.

Congress has been burning the candle at both ends on this one and I don't just mean they've been working hard: they lit wicks in both chambers of Congress and are letting the flames in the north and south wings of the Capitol building slowly burn toward a common point. Take a look on my crudely drawn (and slightly mal-proportioned) representation of the health reform policymaking process:



The House introduced its reform bill, H.R. 3200, in July. The text of that original proposal then went to the three different House committees that have jurisdiction over the issues covered by the bill. In each committee, H.R. 3200 went through a markup; this is the process in which members of the committee get to offer amendments to change things they don't like or correct weaknesses in the bill. Amendments garnering majority support in the committee get tacked onto the bill and once all is said and done the committee votes to report the bill out of committee and to the House floor. All three House committees finished their markups in July and we were left with three independent permutations of H.R. 3200. For the most part, the changes made in each committee weren't particularly large. The exception, I think, is the Blue Dog amendment in the Energy and Commerce Committee we talked about before that would change the way the public option works and reduce the amount of subsidies available to people.

Regardless, three slightly modified versions of H.R. 3200 came out of committee and the task now falls to the Democratic House leadership to merge them into one final House bill (i.e. figure out which changes to retain and which to ignore). So when you see a headline declaring that Speaker Pelosi is leaning towards including a robust public option in the final House bill that means she might just ignore that Blue Dog amendment. But soon there won't be three slightly different versions of H.R. 3200, there will be only one--the final House bill. This will then face a floor debate and its own amendment process but once it gets 218 votes the House will have passed a health care reform bill.

The Senate handled things a bit differently than the House. Instead of one bill heading to face trials by fire in the two relevant Senate committees (the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and the Finance Committee), the HELP Committee and the Finance Committee each drafted their own bill. The HELP Committee finished its markup and passed its bill out of committee months ago and the Finance Committee made headlines last week when it (finally) passed its bill out of committee, picking up one Republican vote in the process. Just as the House is now merging its three versions of H.R. 3200, the Senate is working to merge the HELP and Finance bills right now. This is a much bigger task because the differences between these two Senate bills are much larger than those between the three House bills, which don't have much breathing room between them. Reportedly this merger is happening through negotiations between three principal Senators: Chris Dodd, who shepherded the HELP bill through committee when the chairman, Ted Kennedy, fell ill; Max Baucus, the chairman of the Finance Committee; and Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader.

Ultimately these bills will fuse into some Frankensteinian piece of legislation and the Senate will have a final bill to debate and then vote on. Assuming Democrats can secure 60 votes to defeat any Republican filibusters and can find 50 votes for final passage, the Senate will have passed its own bill.

Once all this happens, the House and Senate bills go to a conference committee of handpicked negotiators from each chamber. Out of this committee comes a final health care bill that goes back to each chamber to be voted on. If it's agreeable to both chambers, it goes to the Big Man's desk for a signature. And health care reform will be a reality.

So where are things now? The committee process is over and the merger of bills marked up in committee is happening in both chambers. Within a few weeks (maybe much sooner), both the House and Senate will be considering final bills and, hopefully, each will pass a bill. But at the moment it's impossible to say exactly what health care reform consists of because we haven't reached the point where one final (conference) bill exists. But that day isn't far off. Of course, the general form of all of these bills is the same, it's merely the details (some of which are pretty big) that differ.

Here, have some nostalgia:

Star Trek Did It

Someone over at Forbes recently fretted about the potential of fMRI:

Neuroscience has, for the first time, demonstrated that there may be ways to directly access human thought--even, perhaps, without the thinker's consent. While the research is still preliminary, the science is advancing at an astonishing rate. While many obstacles need to be overcome and the technology is not yet practicable, the implications for our current state of knowledge are profound. [. . .]

While our abilities in these areas are still quite limited, and while there is always the possibility that the technology will never progress to the point where it can extract truly useful information from anyone, the time to think about the implications of this endeavor is now, before the technology is upon us. The appeal of the technology to the state is obvious. So we need to ask ourselves: What are the limits of the use of this technology? Should we ever allow the courts, or the state, to demand access to the recesses of our minds?

Reminds me of the time Scotty was accused of murder on Star Trek and they tried to retrieve his memories with a techno-thingamajig. I love their gadgets:

The psychotricorder was a Starfleet tricorder specifically programmed for a psychologist's use in analyzing a patient. This version of the tricorder scanned specific brainwave patterns during questioning of the patient, and was helpful in diagnosis and treatment of mental ailments and disorders. It may have possessed a hypnosis-assist subroutine, as well as subroutines for lie-detection and amnesia analysis. The device was normally operated by an assistant technician while the attending psychologist directed the patient.

A psychotricorder and medical technician were once requisitioned by Kirk and McCoy to help analyze the apparently amnesic Scotty when he became a suspect in several murders on Argelius II.

When Corruption Becomes Liberating

There was a time not too long ago when the Senator whose name was most closely associated with corruption was the junior Senator from Illinois, Roland Burris (no small feat in a body composed mostly of plutocrats). And if that time has now passed, that's likely due in no small part to the fact that no one remembers who Roland Burris is. Appointed by disgraced former governor Rod "B-Rod" Blagojevich (a man who had this thing--and it was fucking golden--and just had to share it with Burris), Senator Burris clawed his way into office against a strong headwind. Turned away at the door of the Senate when he showed up in January and given the cold shoulder by the Democratic leadership, Burris was only sworn in as a U.S. Senator following the issuance of a state Supreme Court decision favorable to his cause.

Today he's in the news with a headline that's nothing short of hilarious: Shunned senator suddenly relevant.

"I would not support a bill that does not have a public option," Burris, 72, said in a recent interview with The Associated Press. "That position will not change."

Those words caught the attention of the very Democratic leaders who tried to keep Burris out of the Senate, suggested he resign and have shunned him in unprecedented fashion. Burris is not the only Democrat to insist on creation of a government-run health plan. But he is the one who has the least to lose by defying President Barack Obama and the Democrats who once turned him out in the cold rain.

We have now, by the way, entered into the part of the health care debate where anyone not publicly moored to a particular legislative stance tries to jockey for a tiny sliver of relevance. Following the extended media and legislative courtship--culminating in a coveted committee "aye" vote--enjoyed by malleable Maine Senator Olympia Snowe, her fellow Pine Tree Stater Susan Collins started making noises about her own newfound openness to voting for a health care reform bill. Not to be outdone, Joe Lieberman tried to garner some attention by declaring that he doesn't support the bill that Snowe helped vote out of the Finance Committee (though, soon after, he--somewhat sheepishly, one imagines--admitted he wouldn't support a filibuster of a reform bill). Even members of the other chamber are getting into the act, with a leading conservative Blue Dog Democrat, Mike Ross (he of the Ross amendment), recently signaling a (token?) openness to allowing the uninsured to buy into Medicare.

And now we have Roland Burris. This isn't a new position for him, to be sure. He has indicated before that his vote for a reform bill is contingent on the inclusion of a public option. The fact that this storyline is emerging now indicates one of two things: 1) the media is going to push the narratives that it wants to and 2) as the Eleventh Hour for Senate health care negotiation finally appears on the horizon, Burris actually has caught the attention of the leadership as they start thinking about whipping votes. I imagine it's a little of Column A and a little of Column B.

Burris is interesting because he isn't beholden to the Democratic establishment that resisted his entrance into the Senate. That goes as much for the Madigan machine in Illinois as it does for the Reid-Durbin hegemony in the Senate. His association with Round-the-Bend Rod poisoned his relationships with respectable Democrats before he ever directly fell under their wary gazes. Moreover, it's virtually certain that Burris won't be returning to the Senate in January of 2011. The reason Mr. Smiths are so rare in Washington is that most politicians are caught in the gravitational pull of institutions larger than themselves. They are beholden in part to their political party, which assists them in their electoral battles (retaining a Senate seat is almost always easier with the financial and political artillery of the DSCC behind you) and helps to put their policy priorities on the legislative agenda. Politicians are also influenced in part by interest groups. Not only do these outside actors pipe in money for re-election bids, they provide retiring politicians with VIP passage through the "revolving door" that places former government officials into private sector positions that utilize their insider knowledge and connections. Access is power, as well as a currency in which former politicians are well-equipped to deal.

His short tenure in the Senate limits Burris's useful institutional knowledge and his apparent lack of a cordial professional relationship with his colleagues reduces his post-Senate career access almost to nil. He is very nearly a man without a party and a man who can offer organized interests next to nothing. This alone ought to put him in a position as close to purity as it gets in politics: a man who answers only to his own conscience and to his perceptions of his constituents' needs. And, depending on the individual, to pure pettiness. Maybe he's worried about rehabilitating his tarnished legacy or maybe he's looking for headlines, however (unintentionally?) derogatory. But the fact remains that Roland Burris seems to be in a very special position right now.

Ironically, the stench of corruption surrounding Burris may in the end make him the most incorruptible man in the Senate.

Quantum Russian Roulette...in France

There's something freeing about ridiculously speculative ideas. In sifting through the shards of crackpottery you get to let your mind wander to the furthest recesses of Meinong's Jungle. So let's have some fun.

A while back I mentioned that quantum mechanics is beset by questions of interpretation: the mathematical relations in it correspond well to experiments. Better than any other area of physics, in fact, but that doesn't mean we know what they're telling us. They seem to suggest that systems are in multiple states ("superposition") until a mysterious event ("measurement") forces them to choose just one. As Wikipedia can attest, there's no shortage of suggestions for what's really going on there. The so-called Copenhagen interpretation has historically had the most weight, so much so that its philosophical precepts are often seamlessly integrated into the introductory QM curriculum to the extent that undergrads don't even know their "objective" physics is coming with a helping of philosophy (hint, kids: it always does). The squares of coefficients in expansions of a wave function (the piece of math that's taken to be a complete description of a physical system) are to be taken as the probability of the system collapsing into a given possible state during measurement. Thus the notion of a collapse is built right into that interpretation.

The interpretation I want to focus on here is called the many worlds interpretation (MWI). This one rejects the notion of a collapse from many states to one. In the MWI, there's nothing magical about measuring something, no (meta)physical difference between that state before and after. Instead of things being in a superposition of every possible state and then dropping out of it, states always remain in superpositions. Sometimes this is stated as the universe "splitting" whenever a measurement occurs but this is sloppy language that implies the existence of multiple universes. The split is merely the smooth evolution of wave functions simultaneously down different streams of possibility. MWI only involves one universe but there are many stories playing out concurrently (many superposed worlds) in that universe. Schrödinger's cat is dead and alive, both before and after we peek at it. In peeking, our state (I see it alive vs. I see it dead) gets mixed up with the state of the cat and we ourselves are in a superposition. We exist in many different worlds but since these worlds or branches of our existence can't interact we're only aware of one of the possibilities.

Now that we've got that background down, we're ready for the good stuff. There's a thought experiment, perhaps most closely associated with physicist Max Tegmark, called quantum suicide. It posits that if the MWI is correct suicide is pretty much impossible. Tegmark envisions a (pretty sick) experimental apparatus in which a machine gun is aimed at an experimenter and hooked up to a tool that measures the spin of a certain particle along a certain axis when the gun's trigger is pulled. If the spin of the particle is found to be up, the gun fires a single bullet. If the spin is down, nothing happens. The experimenter lives in one possible outcome, he dies in the other. So what happens when we try it out? Tegmark argues that we have a superposition of the two possibilities: 1) spin-up, experimenter dead and 2) spin-down, experimenter alive. However, since presumably conscious experience ceases in the first possibility, one's conscious experience can't travel down that road. That doesn't mean that this possibility doesn't occur (both possibilities play out), it means that you can't experience it. This is intimately related to that continuity of consciousness notion I've mentioned before.

In practice, this would imply that you--the experimenter--can pull the trigger as many times as you want, the gun will never seem to fire and kill you. Your lack of dying will get exceedingly improbable after a while, effectively proving the MWI to be the correct interpretation of quantum mechanics. However, someone watching you do the experiment can see you die (their conscious experience is free to flow down that branch). So while you can't experience a world in which you're dead, others can. Which intuitively makes sense. I should note that not everyone agrees with Tegmark's conclusions but let's ignore those buzzkills for a bit.

For a moment, let's accept the (admittedly absurd) conceit that the new Large Hadron Collider in France could destroy the world. What might we expect to see if MWI is correct? I assume this would be a bit like a massive quantum suicide experiment--or rather, more like a worldwide cult suicide attempt. If operating the LHC inevitably leads to the destruction of the planet and the death of everyone on earth, none of our conscious experiences could ever travel down a branch of existence in which the machine works. In other words, the only observation we could ever have is the machine breaking. Every single time we try to use it. Is this what we've observed every time we try to use it?

Well, it's hard to be sure because the first time they tried taking it out for a real spin last year they broke it.

On 19 September, just nine days after protons were circulated in both directions of the €3bn LHC, an electrical connection between a dipole magnet (one of 1232 that bend the protons around the ring) and a neighbouring quadrupole magnet (one of 392 that focus the proton beam) failed during circuit tests in the last of the LHC’s eight sectors. At the time, a current of 8.7 kA was being pushed through superconducting cables the width of a stick of chewing gum to generate the enormous magnetic fields required to bend protons at high energies.

But they're going to start it up again next month. So we'll see. If it breaks again and again maybe we'll have some slim evidence that 1) the LHC is destroying us all in another branch of reality and 2) MWI is correct, in the same way that an endless series of clicks from Tegmark's quantum gun would indicate that MWI is correct and he can never lose a game of quantum Russian roulette. Or it could mean that the LHC is a multi-billion dollar piece of shit.

Of course, most of this is utter nonsense. But everyone's allowed to be a crackpot once in a while.

Responsibility in the Marketplace of Ideas

Some time ago Salom and I discussed the social responsibilities borne by artists. As I did my daily survey of my favorite corners of the blogoweb the other day, I noticed some withering assaults on a forthcoming book from Steven Levitt, the UChicago economist who came out with the bestselling book Freakonomics a few years ago. If these critics are to be believed, Levitt (and co-author Stephen Dubner) has abdicated the responsibility one might expect comes with being a respectable (i.e. somebody with letters after his name) intellectual with a megaphone that allows him to reach some broad swath of the public. So what's all the hubbub about? Apparently there's a not-so-good chapter about climate change in the book:

So now Levitt and his co-author Stephen Dubner have a sequel, Superfreakonomics, which includes a chapter on climate change. Do they deploy Levitt's trademark economic techniques to shed new light on old questions? Because that might be useful! Alas, no, there's nothing of the sort. Levitt and Dubner just parachute into the field of climate science and offer some lazy punditry on the subject dressed up as "contrarianism." There's no original research. There's nothing bold or explosive. It's just garden-variety ignorance. . .

In just a few dozen pages, Dubner and Levitt manage to repeat the myth that the scientific consensus in the 1970s predicted global cooling (quite untrue), imply that climatologists are unaware of the existence of water vapor (no, they're quite aware), and traffic in the elementary misconception that CO2 hasn't historically driven temperature increases (RealClimate has a good article to help with their confusion). The sad thing is that Dubner and Levitt aren't even engaging in sophisticated climate-skepticism here—there's just a basic unwillingness to gain even a passing acquaintance with the topic. You hardly need to be an award-winning economist to do that.

If bad science from non-scientists isn't bad enough, Paul Krugman suggests that they unintentionally (one hopes) misrepresented the work of another economist who tackled the question of the discount rate of tackling the climate change issue now (that is, figuring out what the value of possible future benefits is to us right now):

Yikes. I read Weitzman’s paper, and have corresponded with him on the subject — and it’s making exactly the opposite of the point they’re implying it makes. Weitzman’s argument is that uncertainty about the extent of global warming makes the case for drastic action stronger, not weaker.

That's a pretty serious breach, something you'd expect more from the makers of tripe like that "What the Bleep Do We Know?" movie about quantum mechanics than from a respected economist and journalist. It seems the irresponsibility in the book may not be limited to the chapter on climate. Ezra Klein took issue with a chapter that apparently attempts to show that driving drunk may be safer than walking home drunk:

It's terrifically shoddy statistical work. You'd get dinged for this in a college class. But it's in a book written by a celebrated economist and a leading journalist. Moreover, the topic isn't whether people prefer chocolate or vanilla, but whether people should drive drunk. It is shoddy statistical work, in other words, that allows people to conclude that respected authorities believe it is safer for them to drive home drunk than walk home drunk. It's shoddy statistical work that could literally kill somebody. That makes it more than bad statistics. It makes it irresponsible.

The sentiment is echoed by Krugman in another blog post considering the climate change chapter:

And that’s not acceptable. This is a serious issue. We’re not talking about the ethics of sumo wrestling here; we’re talking, quite possibly, about the fate of civilization. It’s not a place to play snarky, contrarian games.

I, of course, haven't read any of this yet-to-be-released book (Levitt himself insists it's not that bad) but that won't stop me from speculating as to why someone would engage in these kinds of games. There really is a marketplace of ideas out there: in this case it takes the form of the bestseller list. Competitive pressures in such a marketplace aren't necessarily for correct ideas but rather for interesting ideas. Book sales determine whether ideas sink or swim. That's why the Dan Brown school of lousy fiction is so successful and why Briane Greene can make money off "non-fiction" books about fantasy physics with little in the way of experimental support. That's interesting, imaginative stuff. Who cares if it's well-written or supported empirically?

Of course, that leads one to wonder whether it's okay for a public intellectual to lend his credentials to a questionable idea in pursuit of royalty money. For undergrads, being contrarian can give a competitive edge in the market for attention because it can lend one the appearance of intellectual depth. For full-blown professors with book deals, contrarianism can generate a competitive boost because it sells books. But just as regular markets can be dysfunctional in the absence of regulations, the market for ideas can also produce perverse outcomes in the absence of self-restraint (self-regulation). That's where the responsibility lies.

We can zoom out a bit and consider a slightly larger issue: namely, the insulation of academics from responsibility more generally. Academics have a hugely important role to play in the public discourse, in that they produce much of the research that decision-makers look to for guidance on the most pressing issues of the day. But responsibility for the consequences of a public policy decision doesn't fall on an academic who suggests it, it falls on the decision-maker who implements it. To be sure, some academics do find themselves at the actual policymaking table. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, regarded by many as an expert on the causes of the Great Depression when he has his professor's hat on, found himself in the unexpected position of having the public responsibility of preventing a second one. Policy advisers at all levels of government have often (or will later) spent time in the academic world.

But many prisoners in the Ivory Tower haven't spent much time in the world of consequences. I enjoy reading the Becker-Posner blog for intellectual reasons but there's something strange about reading two tenured professors (one of whom also holds a federal judgeship for life) poo-pooing the job- and benefits security that workers with less cushy jobs seek to attain through the bargaining power of unions. They draw paychecks from one of the most perverse systems around (the American higher education system) and dictate how others should be happy to abide by the vaunted rules of the free market.

So what can we take away from such examples of academics not buying what they're selling (neither in the marketplace of ideas nor of books)? Simply that academics are not the sole arbiters of truth in the modern world. They have great value but can still be blinded by their own accolades or book sales just like everyone else. It isn't anti-intellectual to suggest that extended real-world experience--residence in the world of real consequences and responsibilities--is an extremely important supplement to one's time behind the ivy-covered walls. It at least serves as a reminder that policy is more than a mathematical exercise or a rhetorical game useful for boosting book sales: it impacts real lives and has enormously significant repercussions for the segment of the population that doesn't enjoy tenure.

Update: I'm angry at myself for not including a Rick James joke somewhere in the above.

Bounded in an Inflatable Nutshell

Thirty years ago, big bang cosmology faced a problem. Actually, it faced a trinity of problems. It couldn't account for the uniformity of the observable universe, the near-perfect flatness of the universe, and the absence of certain particles that theoretically ought to exist. These three birds were taken down with one big stone when Alan Guth realized that a brief period of superluminal expansion early in the universe's history could account for all of these observations. The notebook pages on which he scribbled his historic calculations--with "Spectacular Realization!" written triumphantly at the top--are on display at Chicago's Adler Planetarium.

But inflation--now a cornerstone of modern cosmology and supported by additional observation evidence--comes with some heavy ontological baggage. It implies that what we know as the universe, a vast expanse bordered by distant quasars and gamma-ray bursts, is not the totality of existence. Instead, this observable universe is a merely a pocket of a much larger Universe, a bubble in an endlessly larger cosmic sea. And there are other bubbles in that sea, pockets of the Universe that have inflated or are inflating. Each one is a universe in its own right, some subject to different physical laws than our own observable universe. The bigger Universe (with a capital U) containing all the bubbles is likely infinite but one question worth exploring is how many types of other bubble universes exist beyond the horizons of our own. The arXiv blog has a post up detailing a new paper from one of the pioneers of inflationary cosmology, Andrei Linde, where he explores the question and comes up with an answer: 10¹⁰¹⁰⁷:

How many of these could we actually see? What's interesting here is that the properties of the observer become an important factor because of a limit to the amount of information that can be contained within any given volume of space, a number known as the Bekenstein limit, and by the limits of the human brain.

Linde and Vanchurin say that total amount of information that can be absorbed by one individual during a lifetime is about 10¹⁶ bits. So a typical human brain can have 10¹⁰¹⁶ configurations and so could never disintguish more than that number of different universes.

10¹⁰¹⁶ is a big number but it is dwarfed by the "humungous" 10¹⁰¹⁰⁷.

"We have found that the strongest limit on the number of different locally distinguishable geometries is determined mostly by our abilities to distinguish between different universes and to remember our results," say Linde and Vanchurin

This is a bit like the human eye distinguishing shades of a given color--how many shades are "really" there is less relevant than the number of shades the human eye/brain can distinguish. Two bubble universes might be slightly different in some physical sense but if you plop a human in first one then the other and he can't find a way to distinguish between them, then it doesn't really matter how different they are. That's why the number of possible types of universe they calculate is reduced to the vastly smaller (but still enormous) 10¹⁰¹⁶ number.

This reminder of the vastness of the inflationary Universe makes me think of an argument I once read that inserts anthropic reasoning into an inflationary universe and finds that something's got to give:

Anthropic reasoning often begins with the premise that we should expect to find ourselves typical among all intelligent observers. However, in the infinite universe predicted by inflation, there are some civilizations which have spread across their galaxies and contain huge numbers of individuals. Unless the proportion of such large civilizations is unreasonably tiny, most observers belong to them. Thus anthropic reasoning predicts that we should find ourselves in such a large civilization, while in fact we do not. There must be an important flaw in our understanding of the structure of the universe and the range of development of civilizations, or in the process of anthropic reasoning.

The argument is pretty simple. Start with the assumption that of all the sentient observers in all the multiverse (the collection of bubble universes in the sea-Universe), you're not particularly special. The majority of civilizations in the multiverse will be relatively small but imagine that a handful of "supercivilizations" exist that spread across a galaxy in their universe (and perhaps on to other galaxies) and pack individual star systems a billion times more densely than we do. Then there's a very good chance that the majority of sentient beings exist in such a supercivilization. To take a real-world example that might make this a little clearer: in the United States, only 0.4% of firms have more than 100 employees, yet employees of these big firms account for 63% of paid employees in U.S. firms. The reason, of course, is that even if there are lots and lots of little firms, the big firms are the ones that have lots of people. So if I picked a worker at random from the working population of the U.S., it would be a smart guess that he works for a big firm and not a small one (even though big firms are rarer than small ones).

The same logic applies here, except the numbers are significantly more exaggerated. Whereas all but about 2 in 5 U.S. private employees work for a large firm in our example, the authors in that paper calculate that "all but one individual in a hundred million belongs to a large civilization." So if you pick a sentient observer at random, it would be a very good bet that he belongs to one of those supercivilizations because that's where most of the sentient beings are. But we Earthicans are in the curious position of not finding ourselves in such a supercivilization. So is our starting assumption that we're not special (i.e. that if we pick someone at random out of the multiverse we're free to pick ourselves) wrong? Is inflation--with its untold numbers of other bubble universes--wrong? Is there some general principle that forbids or nearly rules out the development of supercivilizations?

Ultimately we don't know but the author does offer some suggestions. In addition to the ones I just mentioned, he suggests maybe we are part of a supercivilization but just don't know it (paging Agent Mulder!), maybe some sort of selection bias is going on here, or perhaps even "the idea of 'individual' will be different in the future. That last one is particularly interesting:

Perhaps civilizations more advanced than ours consist of only a single individual, or only a single individual per planet, in whatever sense of individual is necessary for anthropic reasoning. In that case, even though the civilization is very widespread, the number of individuals is small. A similar idea is that individuals of those advanced civilizations are so different from us that they cannot be considered part of the same reference class, and we should not reason as though we could have been one of them.

Does this remind anybody else of the Kurzweil predictions we talked about in What Lies Ahead? Particularly the bits like:

● Individual beings merge and separate constantly, making it impossible to determine how many “people” there are on Earth.
● This new plasticity of consciousness and ability for beings to join minds seriously alters the nature of self-identity.

Something to mull over.

The problem is choice

Please, as I was saying she stumbled upon a solution whereby nearly 99 percent of all test subjects accepted the program as long as they were given a choice, even if they were only aware of the choice at an unconscious level. . . As you adequately put, the problem is choice. -- The Architect, The Matrix Reloaded

I got a "Vote Yes on Issue 3" mailer today. This comes on the heels of a barrage of vaguely-worded commercials featuring some FOP guy who assures me I can trust him. I can see why the Yes on 3 issue ad campaign is supposed to be one of the most expensive in state history.

I can't say I really lean either way. But Issue 3 serves as a reminder that when it comes to money-making schemes, nobody does it quite like a cash-strapped state or locality. Cities will lease their parking meters, states will lease their toll roads to foreign companies, set up state lotteries, sell government buildings, or, as with Issue 3, roll out the red carpet for casinos to set up shop. Many of these schemes can end up being highly regressive, with the costs falling on people lower down the economic ladder (rich people don't play the lotto quite as much as the less well-off).

I suppose this is palatable to some people, in part, because of the emphasis we as a culture put not on fatalism but on free will and personal responsibility. Some of our schemes might take money away from those who can least afford to part with it but it's their fault for making that choice. This is far less tyrannical than, for example, a tax that falls more heavily on the upper economic strata.

The same sort of logic is often applied to the health reform debate. I've seen people outraged that the government will mandate them to get something that they already have. I've heard people argue that poverty alleviation and the provision of health care is the duty of good Christians but it must be done freely through acts of personal charity: government involvement through progressive taxation isn't appropriate (despite the fact, apparently, that these are social problems). For some people, the key is their ability to choose--willingly submit--to help.

We can raise money on the backs of folks who have little, as long as they are given a choice--even if they are only aware of the choice at an unconscious level--to spend their money on cigarettes, lotto tickets, casinos, whatever. But we can't coerce money from those who can afford to part with it. The problem is choice.

Sagan Song

When I was much younger I came across a battered edition of Carl Sagan's 1980 book Cosmos in the public library. I didn't know at the time that it was a companion to a television series and I wouldn't see an episode of the series for many years. And even though I don't remember much of the book now, I credit it with sparking my interest in science, particularly astronomy and cosmology. Sagan had a marvelous way of getting across the wonder of it all without getting too sappy.

I came across an autotuned song version of some of Sagan's lines from the Cosmos TV series on Cosmic Variance the other day. It's tight and I think that somehow, oddly enough, it captures the spirit of Sagan's efforts to make science not only accessible but wonderful. Also, it's got some Hawking action.